Margaret Beaufort, Kings Mother

Continued from: Margaret Beaufort: Basic Facts and TimelineMargaret Beaufort: The Making of the Tudor Dynasty Henry VII Becomes King and Margaret Beaufort the King’s Mother Margaret Beaufort’s long efforts to promote her son’s succession were richly rewarded, emotionally and materially.  Henry VII, having defeated Richard III and become king, had himself crowned on October 30, 1485. His mother, now 42 years old, reportedly wept at the coronation.  She was, from this point, referred to in court as â€Å"My Lady, the King’s Mother.† Henry Tudor’s marriage to Elizabeth of York would mean that his children’s right to the crown would be more secure, but he wanted to make sure that his own claim was clear.  Since his claim through inheritance was rather thin, and the idea of a queen ruling in her own right might bring images of the civil war of Matilda’s time, Henry claimed the crown by right of battle victory, not his marriage to Elizabeth or his genealogy.  He reinforced this by marrying Elizabeth of York, as he had publicly pledged to do in December of 1483. Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486.  He also had parliament repeal the act which, under Richard III, had declared Elizabeth illegitimate. (This likely means that he knew that her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, who would have a stronger claim to the crown than Henry, were dead.) Their first son , Arthur, was born almost exactly nine months later, on September 19, 1486.  Elizabeth was crowned as queen consort the next year. Independent Woman, Advisor to the King Henry came to kingship after years of exile outside of England, without much experience in administration of a government. Margaret Beaufort had advised him in exile, and now she was a close advisor to him as king.  We know from his letters that he consulted with her on court matters and chuch appointments. The same parliament of 1485 that repealed Elizabeth of York’s illegitimacy also declared Margaret Beaufort a femme sole – in contrast to a femme covert or a wife.  Still married to Stanley, this status gave her an independence few women, and fewer wives, had under the law.  It gave her complete independence and control over her own lands and finances.  Her son also awarded her, over some years, considerably more lands which were under her independent control.  These would, of course, revert to Henry or his heirs on her death, as she had no other children. Despite the fact that she had never actually been a queen, Margaret Beaufort was treated at court with the status of a queen mother or dowager queen.  After 1499, she adopted the signature â€Å"Margaret R† which may signify â€Å"queen† (or may signify â€Å"Richmond†).  Queen Elizabeth, her daughter-in-law, outranked her, but Margaret walked close behind Elizabeth, and sometimes dressed in similar robes.  Her household was luxurious, and the largest in England after her son’s.  She might be the Countess of Richmond and Derby, but she acted like the equal or near equal of the queen. Elizabeth Woodville retired from the court in 1487, and it’s believed that Margaret Beaufort may have instigated her departure.  Margaret Beaufort had oversight over the royal nursery and even over the procedures for the queen’s lying-in.  She was given the wardship of the young Duke of Buckingham, Edward Stafford, son of her late ally (and her late husband’s nephew), Henry Stafford, whose title was restored by Henry VII. (Henry Stafford, convicted of treason under Richard III, had had the title taken from him.) Involvements in Religion, Family, Property In her later years, Margaret Beaufort was noted for both ruthlessness in defending and extending her land and property, and for responsible oversight of her lands and improving them for her tenants. She gave generously to religious institutions, and particularly to support the education of clergy at Cambridge. Margaret patronized the publisher William Caxton, and commissioned many books, some to distribute to her household. She bought both romances and religious texts from Caxton. In 1497, the priest John Fisher became her personal confessor and friend.  He began to rise in prominence and power at Cambridge University with the King’s Mother’s support. She is supposed to have had the agreement of her husband in 1499 to take a vow of chastity, and she often lived separately from him after that. From 1499 to 1506, Margaret lived at a manor in Collyweston, Northamptonshire, improving it so that it functioned as a palace. When the marriage of Catherine of Aragon was arranged to Margaret’s eldest grandson, Arthur, Margaret Beaufort was assigned with Elizabeth of York to select the women who would serve Catherine.  Margaret also urged that Catherine learn French before coming to England, so that she could communicate with her new family. Arthur married Catherine in 1501, and then Arthur died the next year, with his younger brother Henry then becoming heir apparent. Also in 1502, Margaret gave a grant to Cambridge to found the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, and John Fisher became the first to occupy the chair. When Henry VII appointed John Fisher as bishop of Rochester, Margaret Beaufort was instrumental in choosing Erasmus as his successor in the Lady Margaret professorship. Elizabeth of York died the following year, after giving birth to her last child (who did not survive long), perhaps in a vain attempt to have another male heir.  Though Henry VII talked of finding another wife, he did not act on that, and genuinely grieved the loss of his wife, with whom he’d had a satisfying marriage, though initially making it for political reasons. Henry VII’s older daughter, Margaret Tudor, was named for her grandmother, and in 1503, Henry brought his daughter to his mother’s manor along with the whole royal court.  He then returned home with most of the court, while Margaret Tudor continued on to Scotland to marry James IV. In 1504, Margaret’s husband, Lord Stanley, died.  She devoted more of her time to prayer and religious observance.  She belonged to five religious houses, though she continued to reside in her own private residence. John Fisher became the Chancellor at Cambridge, and Margaret began giving the gifts that would establish the re-founded Christ’s College, under the king’s charter. Last Years Before her death, Margaret made possible, through her support, the transformation of a scandal-ridden monastic house into St. John’s College at Cambridge. Her will provided for continuing support for that project. She began planning around her end of life.  In 1506, she commissioned a tomb for herself, and brought Renaissance sculptor Pietro Torrigiano to England to work on it.  She prepared her final will in January of 1509. In April of 1509, Henry VII died.  Margaret Beaufort came to London and arranged her son’s funeral, where she was given precedence over all the other royal women.  Her son had named her his chief executor in his will. Margaret helped arrange and was present for the coronation of her grandson, Henry VIII, and his new bride, Catherine of Aragon, on June 24, 1509.  Margaret’s struggles with her health may have been aggravated by the activity around the funeral and coronation, and she died on June 29, 1509.  John Fisher gave the sermon at her requiem mass. Largely because of Margaret’s efforts, Tudors would rule England until 1603, followed by the Stuarts, descendants of her granddaughter Margaret Tudor. More: Margaret Beaufort: Basic Facts and TimelineMargaret Beaufort: The Making of the Tudor Dynasty

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay - 983 Words

The Old Man and the Sea There is a scene in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, when after a shark has taken a big chunk about forty pounds off Santiago prize marlin catch, Santiago begin to doubt whether he should have gone out to sea and wishes that he had never hooked the fish and was alone in bed with his newspaper (103). Immediately after the Santiago says, â€Å"But man is not made for defeat a man can be destroyed but not defeated† (103). The life of Ernest Hemingway intertwines to the novel The Old Man in the Sea in many different ways. For example late in Hemingway’s life he didn’t have the money to really live on his own so he ended up moving to Cuba like Santiago and buying a little shack he could stay in, Hemingway felt†¦show more content†¦He makes careful preparation for each outing on his boat and is away prepared when he makes a catch. He is tune with natural environment, watching the weather, the currents birds, and fish to help him know the beat spot for fishing. He wisely drops his bait at different depths, hoping to land catch with variety. During his career, Santiago has caught many trophy fish. Some of them were weighing over one thousand pounds. Before the giant marlin however, he has always had someone on the boat to help him to keep his company but this was fist time going out alone in a long time. The Old Man and the Sea aren’t just a book about and old man and the sea. There are many hidden meanings to it. Each element represents different things. The Marlin, for example represents strength, beauty and the last challenge we all go though. The lion in his dream resemble youth, freedom, and also strength. Santiago, the old man, symbolizes Christ in many ways other people and things symbolize different things like the young boy, named Manolin, the young boy that followed Santiago was not fishing with the old man because his parents forced him to actually he was told to stay away the old man because he was bad, luck but because he wanted too. He liked to be around the old man and listen to what he had to stay. When the old man would look at Manolin he would he would see himself at a younger age, someone who cared more about the elderly. Manolin wanted good things for Santiago he did not wantShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1599 Words   |  7 P agesNew York, NY USA 10027 Dear Pulitzer Prize Judging Board: The Old Man and the Sea by American author, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Pulitzer Prize it received because of the author s use of craft elements, the realness of all of the characters and events, and the lasting themes that are relevant to the year it was written that were created by this realness, which in turn created a legacy. The first reason The Old Man and the Sea deserved its Pulitzer Prize is because of the author’s use of craftRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1744 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway is a story about an old man named Santiago who has to overcome many obstacles in his time at sea and in life (Hemingway). Despite being a fisherman, Santiago has not caught fish in 84 days and is faced by numerous dilemmas and shortcomings as things seem to always go wrong for him (Hemingway). This paper provides an analysis of the novel by interpreting it as a secular humanist epic. This paper hypothesizes that the character of Santiago is guided byRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway1734 Words   |  7 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a man among men. He painted his life through written words. In his life Hemingway experienced events that would change him and shape the man that he was. Hemingway wrote about his time he spe nt in World War I in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, and in his last novel, The Old Man and the Sea, he writes about his fishing exploits, both of which Hemingway experienced himself. By comparing these two works that he has written, a reader can perceive his linguistic style and theRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1952 Words   |  8 Pagesinternal conflicts; there are many internal and external conflicts in the novella. One of the main conflicts is that Santiago couldn’t catch the marlin. This is resolved by Santiago eventually catching the fish three days after he returned back to sea after he had an eighty four day unsuccessful streak; this solution is believable because he was determined to catch the fish which he did. A secondary conflict in this novella was that Santiago began to talk to himself because Manolin is no longer withRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway2056 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway Plot Summary: â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† relates the difficult life of an old Cuban fisherman that struggles in his profession for a long period of time until he catches the biggest fish in his life. The story begins presenting readers the fact that Santiago, the old fisherman, has been eighty-four days without catching a fish. This uncomfortable situation leads Manolin, a teenager who works with Santiago, to leave him under his father’s command.Read MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay589 Words   |  3 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway After reading this novel, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, I was confused about something the old man kept repeating. During the course of the book, the old man, Santiago, refers to having gone out to far to catch the fish. To me, this sounds as though he is making excuses for himself as to why he could not bring the fish in. On the other hand, he may have realized that he should not have gone out so far because it was not worth it forRead MoreAn Old Fisherman in The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 Pages On July 21, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was born to Grace Hall-Hemingway and Clarence Edmonds Hemingway in Oak Park, Illinois. He started off his writing career in high school, when he was writing sports articles for the high school newspaper. From there, he moved on to writing for the Kansas City Star, where he learned to write in his unique short sentences, declarative, writing style. From journalism, Hemingway moved on to the military life an d met a nurse in Milan that was his inspiration for â€Å"ARead MoreErnest Hemingway s A Old Man And The Sea1588 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway, an Intense Macho Bullfighting Woodsman of an author, If you met him in person you would not beleive him when he told you he s an author. However Ernest Hemingway is a very accomplished author, well known as the Chronicler of the lost generation, and for his Pulitzer Prize winning Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway also was known for his collection of short stories, like In Another Country and The Snows of Kilimanjaro, as with many of his stories these two are set in 2 places he hasRead MoreErnest Hemingway s The Old Man And The Sea942 Words   |  4 PagesSome believe to live is to endure, and in Ernest Hemingway s The Old Man and the Sea This idea is explored in a simplistic style of writing called Iceberg Theory, a style unique to Hemingway. In this powerful, yet simple novel Ernest Hemingway eloquently portrays the hardships of the average man. Old Man and the Sea is based on an old man named Santiago and his battle with a giant Marlin in the middle of the sea. The old man s experience with the marlin is one of misfortune, pride, and accomplishmentRead MoreRelationship Between The Old Man And The Sea And Ernest Hemingway1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway provides many details

Why Was Jack the Ripper Never Caught free essay sample

Why Was Jack the Ripper Never Caught? In 1888, 5 horrific and brutal murders were committed, which the police believed were all by the same man. This particular case, even today, intrigues people all over the globe due to the fact that the perpetrator was never caught. Hes known to the world as Jack the Ripper because of the vicious way in which he mutilated his victims. The four main contributors to him not being caught were the police investigation and incompetence, media sensationalism, the nature of the murders (modus operandi), and also the lack of forensic technology in 19th century Britain. So, what contribution did all these factors give to letting Jack the Ripper get away? One of the major points that Jack the Ripper was indeed not caught, falls on the workings and failures of the police. The police never came close to capturing the murderer and bringing him to justice, causing the publics fear and alarm to grow after each murder. Uncountable reasons that the police could not have even hoped at catching Jack the Ripper were often discussed and this made some of the public speak out against the workings of the police. Queen Victorias statement at the time suggested that, the police must be improved and that they were not up to the standards they should be. She also knew that the lighting in the dark, dank, streets was a big problem, making it difficult for the police to actually see someone and she demanded that all those courts should be lit. Many people at the time, agreed with what she had to say about the failures and workings of the police, but many others strongly disagreed. They were for the police, sympathizing with them on how the Ripper seemingly chose his victims at random and displayed no motives or clues for the police. A chance meeting of the victim and the killer, made it impersonal. Jack the Ripper was malicious, cold-blooded, brutal, ruthless, and was suggested to be a sexual psychopath, maybe even insane or a crazy maniac. He was very cunning, for he knew he wouldnt get caught if he struck randomly and quickly, nobody having a chance of seeing him murder the victims. The suddenness of the attacks left them with no possibility of screaming for help in the dark alleys. So therefore he would be very hard to catch. The media clung onto every small, bloody, gory detail of the murders, feeding the public with the blood thirsty stories and names of the supposed killers the police accused. Newspapers emphasized the gruesome murders, making them sound a hundred times worse and the police clung to every word, fascinated by the crime. Random and normally innocent names were put forward into the papers of people that the public thought were the murderers, resulting in panic and innocent men being put in jail, even Prince Albert, the Queens son. Jack the Ripper was widely believed to have been a Polish Jew by the name of Aaron Kosminsky. Here is an extract from The Jewish Chronicle, showing the difficulty that the murders caused them. Without a doubt, the foreign Jews in the East End of London have been in some peril though happily averted during the past week owing to the sensationalism of which the district has been the centre. There has been forcibly brought home to us the genesis of the anti-Jewish outbreaks which still occasionally occur abroad, and which were not unknown in England in ancient times. It is so easy to inflame the popular mind when it is startled by hideous crime, such as the Ripper murders. Other people, who didnt think that Jack the Ripper was a Polish Jew, were under the impression that he was a local, a person that maybe everyone trusted or knew who just went around normally every day, then killed at night. Its likely that it was a man who despised prostitutes and was trying to kill them off, one by one. This is because the majority of his victims were prostitutes. This too, fuelled journalists reports. The next of the reasons for the Ripper avoiding capture was his modus operandi, which means how the murders were committed. He struck only in the early hours of morning and only on weekends. These facts are revealing. For one, they suggest the Ripper was single, since he was able to keep late hours without arousing suspicion. Secondly, they point to the idea that he was probably regularly employed during the week (which would explain his inactivity Monday through Thursday). The manner with which he treated his victims also contained clues. All but one woman was killed by strangulation. Once laid carefully on the ground, the Ripper cut the victims throat, beginning with the side facing away from him. This effectively drained the blood from his victims before he began the ritual mutilation. Much of the organ removal was done cleanly. In the case of Catherine Eddowes, Jack the Ripper removed the left kidney from the front, rather then the back or side. Altogether, the mutilation and organ removals suggest the Ripper was a person with some form of anatomical or surgical training. The knife wounds inflicted also indicate that he was right-handed. In the modern day, these small details have told us a lot about the case, but in 1888, these small details would have gone unnoticed and the time and location of the murders would have most likely helped him to escape. Lastly, with the help of modern day forensic technology, the Jack the Ripper case would probably have been easy. For example, if in 1888, the police would have had finger print technology then they would probably have found the murderers prints at the crime scene. Also, if DNA recognition software was available then its likely that Jack, despite his obvious surgical knowledge, would have cut him self during the mutilations, and the police would have been able to find a sample of his blood. They could then do computerized DNA comparisons to reveal the murderers true identity. In conclusion, I believe that the main contributing factor for not apprehending Jack the Ripper was the lack of forensic technology, because even small pieces of technology could have made an enormous difference in the overall investigation. On the other hand, almost all aspects of the case could have been improved.